Implementation of photovoltaic systems to cover energy demand in Panamanian homes

Abstract

Growing concern about climate change and the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels has prompted many countries to seek renewable alternatives for electricity generation. In this context, photovoltaic energy emerges as a viable and accessible solution, allowing residential and industrial consumers to generate their own energy and inject the surplus into the grid. In Panama, the information available on energy consumption and PV systems installed at the residential level is scarce and inaccurate. Therefore, this study seeks to analyze the potential of implementing solar panels in single-family residences in Panama. By way of context, a literature review of previous studies that have evaluated the impact of these systems and the rebound effect in various geographic and socioeconomic contexts is presented. A survey was applied to 101 households to collect information on consumption and user habits. In addition, energy audits and the design of the photovoltaic systems of three representative residences at each of the simple low voltage tariffs were carried out. It was shown that there is a high interest among households to adopt solar energy and that the impact of the rebound effect must be taken into account in the design of the systems. However, there are barriers such as lack of knowledge about the technology. The study showed that the implementation of photovoltaic systems has a significant potential to reduce grid electricity consumption.